Dictyoptera
EOL Text
Sexual cannibalism is common among mantises in captivity, and under some circumstances may also be observed in the field. The female may begin feeding by biting off the male’s head (as they do with regular prey), and if mating has begun, the male’s movements may become even more vigorous in its delivery of sperm. Early researchers thought that because copulatory movement is controlled by a ganglion in the abdomen, not the head, removal of the male’s head was a reproductive strategy by females to enhance fertilisation while obtaining sustenance. Later, this behavior appeared to be an artifact of intrusive laboratory observation. Whether the behavior in the field is natural, or also the result of distractions caused by the human observer, remains controversial. Mantises are highly visual organisms, and notice any disturbance occurring in the laboratory or field such as bright lights or moving scientists. Research by Liske and Davis (1984) and others found (e.g. using video recorders in vacant rooms) that Chinese mantises that had been fed ad libitum (so that they were not hungry) actually displayed elaborate courtship behavior when left undisturbed. The male engages the female in courtship dance, to change her interest from feeding to mating. Courtship display has also been observed in other species, but it does not hold for all mantises.
The reason for sexual cannibalism has been debated, with some considering submissive males to be achieving a selective advantage in their ability to produce offspring. This theory is supported by a quantifiable increase in the duration of copulation among males who are cannibalized, in some cases doubling both the duration and the chance of fertilization. This is further supported in a study where males were seen to approach hungry females with more caution, and were shown to remain mounted on hungry females for a longer time, indicating that males actively avoiding cannibalism may mate with multiple females. The act of dismounting is one of the most dangerous times for males during copulation, for it is at this time that females most frequently cannibalize their mates. This increase in mounting duration was thought to indicate that males would be more prone to wait for an opportune time to dismount from a hungry female rather than from a satiated female that would be less likely to cannibalize her mate. Some consider this to be an indication that male submissiveness does not inherently increase male reproductive success, rather that more fit males are likely to approach a female with caution and escape (Lelito & Brown 2006a,b).
- Lelito, J. P. and W. D. Brown (2006a) Sexual conflict in a praying mantis. The American Naturalist 168 [1].
- Lelito, J. P. and W. D. Brown (2006b), Complicity or Conflict over Sexual Cannibalism? Male Risk Taking in the Praying Mantis Tenodera aridifolia sinensis. The American Naturalist 168:263-269.
- Liske, E. and W. J. Davis. 1984. Sexual behavior of the Chinese Praying Mantis. Animal Behaviour 32:916-917.
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The mating season in temperate climates typically begins in autumn. To mate following courtship, the male usually leaps onto the female’s back, and clasps her thorax and wing bases with his forelegs. He then arches his abdomen to deposit and store sperm in a special chamber near the tip of the female’s abdomen. The female then lays between 10 and 400 eggs, depending on the species.
Eggs are typically deposited in a frothy mass that is produced by glands in the abdomen. This froth then hardens, creating a protective capsule. The protective capsule and the egg mass is called an ootheca. Depending on the species, the ootheca can be attached to a flat surface, wrapped around a plant or even deposited in the ground. Despite the versatility and durability of the eggs, they are often preyed on, especially by several species of parasitic wasps. In a few species, the mother guards the eggs.
As in related insect groups, mantises go through three stages of metamorphosis: egg, nymph, and adult (mantises are among the hemimetabolic insects). The nymph and adult insect are structurally quite similar, except that the nymph is smaller and has no wings or functional genitalia. The nymphs are also sometimes colored differently from the adult, and the early stages are often mimics of ants. A mantis nymph increases in size (often changing its diet as it does so) by replacing its outer body covering with a sturdy, flexible exoskeleton and molting when needed. Molting can happen from five to ten times, depending on the species. After the final molt most species have wings, though some species are wingless or brachypterous ("short-winged"), particularly in the female sex.
In tropical species, the natural lifespan of a mantis in the wild is about 10–12 months, but some species kept in captivity have been sustained for 14 months. In colder areas, females will die during the winter (as well as any surviving males).
- Ehrmann, Reinhard (2002) (in German). Mantodea Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Münster: Natur und Tier-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-931587-60-4.
- O'Toole, Christopher (2002). Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders. Firefly. ISBN 1-55297-612-2.
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Classification and relationships after Ehrmann (2002), Grimaldi (2003) and Svenson and Whiting (2004). See the Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships below.
The most commonly followed classification of Mantodea is that of Beier (1964, 1968), who divided the group into eight families. Chaeteessidae and Metallyticidae have traditionally been considered to have diverged early from the remaining Mantodea (Klass 1997, Roy 1999):
============ Chaeteessidae | |=========== Metallyticidae | ===| ====== Mantoididae | | | |===== Amorphoscelidae | | | |===== Eremiaphilidae ======| |===== Hymenopodidae | |===== Mantidae | ====== Empusidae
In a study of external male genitalia in select mantodean and blattarian taxa, Mantoida was the sister group of the remaining Mantodea, with first Chaeteessidae and then Metallyticidae diverging later (Klass 1997):
========= Mantoida (Mantoididae) ===| | ====== Chaeteessa (Chaeteessidae) ===| | === Metallyticus (Metallyticidae) ===| === Sphodromantis (Mantidae)
Grimaldi (2003) performed a phylogenetic analysis of many fossil and extant mantids. This analysis suggested a basal grade of fossil taxa, with Baissomantis as sister to Mantodea sensu stricto. Ambermantis and all extant mantids (Eumantodea) formed a clade (Neomantodea). Chaeteessidae was sister to all other extant mantids. (In the phylogeny below, * denotes a fossil taxon.)
===================== Baissomantidae* | ===| ================== (paraphyletic grade of fossil taxa)* | | ===| =============== Ambermantidae* | | ===| ============ Chaeteessidae | | | | ========= Mantoididae ===| | | |======== Metallyticidae | | ===| ====== Amorphoscelidae | | | |===== Eremiaphilidae ===| | === Empusidae | | ===|== Hymenopodidae | === Mantidae
Ehrmann (2002) revised the classification of Mantodea, recognizing several new families and subfamilies, and many new genera. Svenson and Whiting's (2004) molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed the paraphyly of several of these families, subfamilies, and genera.
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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records: 1291
Specimens with Sequences: 827
Specimens with Barcodes: 784
Species: 239
Species With Barcodes: 185
Public Records: 740
Public Species: 139
Public BINs: 294
Miomantinae is a subfamily of insects Mantodea the family Mantidae. The species shows similar characteristics and behavior to other insects of the Mantidea family. It includes 2 tribes: Miomantini and Rivetinini[1]
Contents
Taxonomy[edit]
- 'Subfamily Miomantinae'
Tribes ** Miomantini
- Genus Arria Stal, 1877
- Genus Cilnia Stal, 1876
- Genus Miomantis Saussure, 1870
- Genus Neocilnia Beier, 1930
- Genus Paracilnia Werner, 1909
- Genus Parasphendale Schulthess-Schildler, 1898
- Genus Sphodropoda Stal, 1871
- Genus Taumantis Giglio-Tos, 1917
- Genus Trachymantis Giglio-Tos, 1917
- Genus Zopheromantis Tindale, 1924
Tribes ** Rivetinini
- Genus Bolivaria Stal, 1877
- Genus Carvilia Stal, 1876
- Genus Deiphobe Stal, 1877
- Genus Deiphobella Giglio-Tos, 1916
- Genus Eremoplana Stal, 1871
- Genus Euchomena Saussure, 1870
- Genus Geomantis Pantel, 1896
- Genus Geothespis Giglio-Tos, 1916
- Genus Gretella Werner 1923
- Genus Indothespis Werner, 1935
- Genus Ischnomantis Stal, 1871
- Genus Microthespis Werner, 1908
- Genus Pararivetina Beier, 1930
- Genus Pseudempusa Brunner v.. W., 1893
- Genus Rivetina Berland & Chopard, 1922
- Genus Rivetinula La Greca, 1977
- Genus Solygia Stal, 1877
- Genus Teddia Burr, 1899
Species present in Italy[edit]
The only species of this subfamily present in Italy are Geomantis larvoides and Rivetina baetica[2]
Species present in Australia[edit]
There are about 28 subfamilies of this species in Australia, they thrive in temperate regions across the country. They are also noticed across temperate areas of New Zealand.[3]
Additional images[edit]
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6th instar female Parasphendale sp.
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Adult female Bolivaria brachyptera from Baikonur, Kazakstan.
.JPG)
References[edit]
- ^ "Subfamily Miomantinae". Taxa Hierarchy. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Mantidae". Ameles. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
- ^ "Mantidae Families". Bug Guide. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
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Boudreaux (1979), Thorne & Carpenter (1992), DeSalle et al. (1992), Kambhampati (1995), and Wheeler et al. (2001) argue for a sister group relationship between mantids and cockroaches:
====== Isoptera (termites) ===| | === Mantodea (mantids) ===| === Blattaria (cockroaches)
Hennig (1981), Kristensen (1995), Klass (1998), and Lo et al. (2000) favor a sister group relationship between termites and cockroaches:
====== Mantodea (mantids) ===| | === Isoptera (termites) ===| === Blattaria (cockroaches)
The monophyly of cockroaches has often been questioned, and many authors believe that the Blattaria are paraphyletic with respect to the Isoptera. In particular, a sister group relationship between Isoptera and Cryptocercus wood roaches has often been suggested (e.g., McKittrick 1964, Hennig 1981, Lo et al. 2000).
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| Source | http://tolweb.org/Dictyoptera/8253 |
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records: 45
Specimens with Sequences: 29
Specimens with Barcodes: 28
Species: 3
Species With Barcodes: 3
Public Records: 7
Public Species: 1
Public BINs: 2
Mantodea (or mantises, mantes) is an order of insects that contains over 2,400 valid species and about 430 genera (Otte & Spearman 2012) in 15 families worldwide in temperate and tropical habitats. Most of the species are in the family Mantidae. The English common name for any species in the order is "praying mantis" (Bullock 1812), because of the typical "prayer-like" attitude with folded fore-limbs, although the eggcorn "preying mantis" is sometimes used in reference to their predatory habits (Partington 1837, National Geographic Society 2011). In Europe and other regions, however, the name "praying mantis" refers to only a single species, Mantis religiosa. The closest relatives of mantises are the termites and cockroaches (order Blattodea). They are sometimes confused with phasmids (stick/leaf insects) and other elongated insects such as grasshoppers and crickets.
All Mantids belong to the insect order Mantodea. The etymology of the word Mantodea and of the common name 'mantis' come from the Greek word μάντις (pronounced mantis) meaning prophet. The word Mantodea includes as a suffix the Greek word εἶδος meaning form or shape. The name was coined in 1838 by the German entomologist Hermann Burmeister (Essig 1947, Harper 2001-2012).
- Bullock, William. 1812. A companion to the London Museum and Pantherion. may be downloaded from: http://archive.org/details/companiontomrbul00bull
- Essig, Edward Oliver. 1947. College entomology. New York: Macmillan Company. pp. 124,900. OCLC 809878. http://books.google.ca/books?cd=3&id=IXpXAAAAMAAJ&dq=Mantodea+Burmeister%2C+1838&q=prophet#search_anchor Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- Harper, Douglas. 2001-2012 "mantis". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mantis Retrieved 21 November 2008.
- National Geographic Society. "Praying Mantis". Retrieved January 2011. http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/bugs/praying-mantis/
- Otte, Daniel; Spearman, Lauren. "Mantodea Species File Online". Retrieved 2012-07-17.
- Partington, Charles F. 1837. The british cyclopedia of natural history. Pub: W.S.Orr
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