Periplaneta americana
EOL Text
As far as being a food source, cockroaches have a number of natural enemies. Spiders sometimes hunt them but are often too slow to catch the quick cockroach in a natural environment. Frogs, toads, and salamanders are more effective predators, and in Bermuda lizards are kept in the house to devour roaches. Finally, human beings from Australia to China to Japan have been known to eat roaches for nourishment or for medicinal value.
There is a picture of the American Cockroach at the following URL:
There is a 5-step process for the control of roaches.
- Prevention. This consists of inspecting all incoming items for cockroaches and oothecae, and making sure that the building is in good physical condition to reduce entry.
- Good sanitation. Such practices reduce the amount of available harborage, food, and water.
- Inspection. A thorough inspection using a flushing agent and flashlight is the key to successful control because it determines where the infestations/populations are and therefore, where treatment is required.
- Initial insecticide application. This utilizes residual baits, insect growth regulators (IGR's), liquids, aerosols, lacquers, and/or microencapsulated pesticides usually placed in cracks and crevices but occasionally on surfaces or in voids, and the dusting of appropriate voids.
- Follow-up or maintenance service. Such service consists primarily of inspecting with a flashlight and flushing agent and/or the use of monitoring traps to find missed or newly introduced cockroaches, and treating any active infestation found.
(Bio-Serv 1998; Cochran 1980)
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The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.
There are 3 barcode sequences available from BOLD and GenBank.
Below is a sequence of the barcode region Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI or COX1) from a member of the species.
See the BOLD taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen and other sequences.
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يعتبر هذه النوع من الآفات، ولذا ليس هناك أي جهود مبذولة من أجل المحافظة عليه.
القائمة الحمراء للأنواع المهددة بالانقراض : لم يتم تقييمه
القائمة الفيدرالية للولايات المتحدة : ليس له وضع خاص
اتفاقية CITES:: ليس له وضع خاص
قائمة ولاية ميشيغان : ليس له وضع خاص
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The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), also known as the palmetto bug or waterbug particularly in the southern United States (Cassidy and Hall 2002), is the largest common species of pest cockroach. It is native to Africa, and is a pest worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. In Europe and other countries with cooler climates, the American cockroach is rarely found out of doors. It is often found in bakeries, warehouses, hotels, zoos, greenhouses, mines, sewers and ships. It scavenges for food but can survive long periods of starvation. Adults live for between 4 to 21 months and the eggs hatch in 4-12 weeks. Extensively modified from Wikipedia.
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هذا النوع ضار للإنسان، وله تأثيرًا جوهريًا على صحة الإنسان وشئونه الاقتصادية. فإن أشد الأضرار المحتملة التي يسببها هذا النوع هو كونه وسيط فى نقل الأمراض. يمكن للصراصير الأميركية نقل مجموعة متنوعة من الأمراض البكتيرية عن طريق التغذية على مواد ملوثة، ثم ملامسة طعام البشر. كما أن الصراصير هي المسبب الرابع والأكثر شيوعًا للحساسية. يظهر 50-60 ٪ من جميع الحالات المصابة بالربو ارتكاسات مكثفة تجاه الصراصير. وقد تشتد الحساسية تجاه الصراصير وتصل نسبتها إلى 79 ٪ لدى الأطفال المصابين بالربو في المنازل الموبوءة بشدة. كما أن هذا النوع له تأثير سلبي على نفسية الإنسان، مسببًا القلق والتوتر من جراء الإحراج والغزو الطبيعى.
(Bio-Serv 1998; Cochran 1980)
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The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), also colloquially known as the waterbug,[1] but not a true waterbug since it is not aquatic, or misidentified as the palmetto bug (see Florida woods cockroach for the differences),[2][3] is the largest species of common cockroach, and often considered a pest. It is also known as the ship cockroach, kakerlac, and Bombay canary.[4]
Contents
Distribution[edit]
Despite the name, none of the Periplaneta species are endemic to the Americas; P. americana was introduced to the United States from Africa as early as 1625.[4] They are now common in tropical climates because human activity has extended the insect's range of habitation, and are virtually cosmopolitan in distribution as a result of global commerce.[4]
History[edit]
Cockroaches date back to the Carboniferous period. Cockroaches are thought to have emerged on the supercontinent Pangaea, or on Gondwana, the daughter continent of Pangaea. The cockroach made many adaptations over the years to be able to survive the major die offs to which many species succumbed.[5]
Characteristics[edit]
American cockroach adults grow to an average length of around 4 cm (1.6 in) and about 7 mm (0.28 in) tall.[6] They are reddish brown and have a yellowish margin on the body region behind the head. Immature cockroaches resemble adults except they are wingless.
The cockroach is divided in three sections; the body is flattened and broadly oval, with a shield-like pronotum covering its head. A pronotum is a plate-like structure that covers all or part of the dorsal surface of the thorax of certain insects. They also have chewing mouth parts, long, segmented antennae, and leathery fore wings with delicate hind wings. The third section of the cockroach is the abdomen.[7]
The insect can travel quickly, often darting out of sight when someone enters a room, and can fit into small cracks and under doors despite its fairly large size. It is considered one of the fastest running insects.[8]
In an experiment carried out at the University of California, Berkeley in 1991, a Periplaneta americana registered a record speed of 5.4 km/h (3.4 mph), about 50 body lengths per second, which would be comparable to a human running at 330 km/h (210 mph).[9][10]
It has a pair of large compound eyes, each having over 2000 individual lenses, and is a very active night insect that shuns light.
Morphology[edit]
The American cockroach shows a characteristic insect morphology with its body bearing divisions as head trunk and abdomen. The trunk, or thorax, is divisible in prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. Each thoracic segment gives rise to a pair of walking appendage (known as legs). The organism bears two wings. The forewings, known as tegmina arises from mesothorax and is dark and opaque. The hind wings arise from metathorax and are used in flight. The abdomen is divisible into ten segments each of which is composed of dorsal tergites and ventral sclerites.
Risk to humans[edit]
The odorous secretions produced by American cockroaches can alter the flavor of food. Also, if populations of cockroaches are high, there will be a strong concentration of this odorous secretion.[11] Cockroaches can pick up disease-causing bacteria,[12] such as Salmonella, on their legs and later deposit them on foods and cause food infections or poisoning. House dust containing cockroach feces and body parts can trigger allergic reactions and asthma in certain individuals.[13]
Habitat[edit]
American cockroaches generally live in moist areas, but can survive in dry areas if they have access to water. They prefer warm temperatures around 29 °C (84 °F) and do not tolerate cold temperatures. In residential areas, these cockroaches live in basements and sewers, and may move outdoors into yards during warm weather. These cockroaches are common in basements, crawl spaces, cracks and crevices of porches, foundations, and walkways adjacent to buildings.
Life cycle[edit]
American cockroaches have three developmental stages: egg, nymph, and adult.[11] Females produce an egg case (ootheca) which protrudes from the tip of the abdomen. On average, females produce 9–10 ootheecae, although they can sometimes produce as many as 90.[14] Cockroach is paurometabolous.[15] After about two days, the egg cases are placed on a surface in a safe location. Egg cases are about 0.9 centimetres (0.35 in) long, brown, and purse-shaped. Immature cockroaches emerge from egg cases in 6–8 weeks and require 6–12 months to mature. After hatching, the nymphs feed and undergo a series of 13 moultings (or ecdysis). Adult cockroaches can live up to an additional year, during which females produce an average of 150 young.
Diet[edit]
American cockroaches are omnivorous and opportunistic feeders that eat a great variety of materials such as cheese, beer, leather, bakery products, starch in book bindings, manuscripts, glue, hair, flakes of dried skin, dead animals, plant materials, soiled clothing, and glossy paper with starch sizing.[4][11] It is particularly fond of fermenting foods.[16] They have also been observed to feed upon dead or wounded cockroaches of their own or other species.
Control[edit]
Due to their large size and slow development, large infestations of these insects are not common within houses.[citation needed] However, during certain times of the year, these cockroaches may move inside a house from outside. In cold weather these cockroaches may move indoors, seeking warmer temperatures and food. Cockroaches may enter houses through sewer connections, under doors, around plumbing, air ducts, or other openings in the foundation.[14] Cockroach populations may be controlled through the use of insecticides. It is also wise to cover any cracks or crevices through which cockroaches may enter. Also, always clean any spills or messes that have been made so that the cockroaches will not be attracted to the food source. Another way to prevent an infestation of cockroaches is to thoroughly check any material that is brought inside. Cockroaches and egg cases can be hidden inside or on furniture, in boxes, suitcases, grocery bags, etc.[11]
Comparison of three common cockroaches[edit]
| Roach | German cockroach | Oriental cockroach | American cockroach |
| Size | 13–16 mm (0.51–0.63 in)[17] | 18–29 mm (0.71–1.14 in)[17] | 29–53 mm (1.1–2.1 in)[17] |
| Preferred temperature | 15–35 °C (59–95 °F)[18] | 20–30 °C (68–86 °F)[17] | 20–29 °C (68–84 °F)[18] |
| Nymphal development[note 1] | 54–215 days (at 24–35 °C (75–95 °F))[17] |
164–542 days (at 22–30 °C (72–86 °F))[17] |
150–360 days (at 25–30 °C (77–86 °F))[17] |
| Adult life span | Around 200 days[17] | 35–190 days[17] | 90–706 days[17] |
| Able to fly? | Poorly[note 2][17] | No[17] | Yes[17] |
Notes:
- ^ Dependent on several factors, including temperature (significantly), gender, and nutrition.
- ^ German cockroaches can glide, especially males, but powered flight is uncommon.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Cassidy, Frederic Gomes; Hall, Joan Houston (2002). Dictionary of American Regional English (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-674-00884-7.
- ^ Poertner, Bo (10 December 1997). "Palmetto Bug - Roach Or Beetle? Quit Debating, We Have The Answer". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Life. "Periplaneta americana - American Cockroach". Retrieved 2013-12-09.
- ^ a b c d Bell, William J.; Adiyodi, K.G. (1981). American Cockroach. Springer. pp. 1, 4. ISBN 978-0-412-16140-7.
- ^ Copeland, Marion (2003). Cockroach. London: Reaktion Books LTD. ISBN 978-1-86189-192-1.
- ^ Barbara, Kathryn A. (2008). "American cockroach - Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus)". Retrieved 2008-07-10.
- ^ Bell, William (2007). Cockroaches. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^ Merritt, Thomas M. (July 31, 1999). "Chapter 39 — Fastest Runner". Book of Insect Records. University of Florida.
- ^ Shukolyukov, S.A. (September 27, 2001). "Discovering the Achievements of the American Cockroach". University Science News. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
- ^ "Fastest Land Insect".
- ^ a b c d Jacobs, Steve. "American Cockroaches". The Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ "Evaluation of the common cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.) as carrier of medically important bacteria". pubmed.gov.
- ^ "New York City Environmental Health Services". Retrieved 2012-07-11.
- ^ a b "American Cockroach". Amalgamated Pest Control.
- ^ Hemimetabolism
- ^ Jones, Susan C. (2008). "Agricultural and Natural Resources Fact Sheet: American Cockroach (HYG-2096-08)" (PDF). Ohio State University.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Robinson, William H. (14 April 2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46, 51–54. ISBN 978-0-521-81253-5.
- ^ a b Bassett, W.H. (12 October 2012). Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health. Routledge. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-135-81033-7.
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الصرصورالأمريكي ليس أصلا من أمريكا الشمالية، على الرغم من اسمه الشائع، ولكن على الأرجح قد أُدخل من أفريقيا عن طريق السفن. وهو منتشر حاليًا في جميع أنحاء العالم (Smith & Whitman, 1992)
المناطق البيوجغرافية : أدخل إلى المنطقة المتجمدة بشمال أمريكا؛ والمنطقة القديمة، والأصل شرقي؛ وإثيوبيا؛ والمنطقة المدارية الجديدة، وأستراليا.
مصطلحات جغرافية أخرى: عالمي.
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http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/roaches/american_cockroach.htm
Founded in 1996 by Thomas Fasulo, Featured Creatures provides in-depth profiles of insects, nematodes, arachnids and other organisms.
The Featured Creatures site is a cooperative venture of the University of Florida's Entomology and Nematology Department and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services' Division of Plant Industry.
Visit Featured Creatures at http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/
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يتراوح طول الحشرات الكاملة من الصرصور الأمريكى Periplaneta americana بين 1و3/8 إلى 2 و1/8 بوصة تقريبًا (34 - 53 مم)، يميل لونها إلى البني المحمر باستثناء الشريط الموجود تحت حافة الدرع الصدري الأمامي ذات اللون البني المصفر الشاحب مصفر (الدرع الظهري الأمامي - امتداد ميل اللوحة السطحية العلوية للحلقة الأمامية من القفص الصدري). كلا الجنسين مجنحين تمامًا. أجنحة الذكور تتجاوز نهاية البطن، وذلك على خلاف الإناث. فهي ضعيفة إلى متوسطة القدرة على الطيران.
الأعمار المبكرة من حوريات الصرصور الأمريكى رمادية بنية متماثلة ظهريًا، شاحبة بطنيًا وبراقة، القرون الشرجية (قرن شرجى – الجمع قرون شرجية زوج واحد من الزوائد الظهرية في النهاية الخلفية من البطن) رفيعة، ومدببة بحدة من القاعدة بطول حوالي 5 أضعاف العرض. الأعمار المتأخرة ذات لون بني محمر مع حواف جانبية وخلفية من القفص الصدري والمناطق الجانبية (الجانبين) من حلقات البطن قاتمة إلى حد ما. القرون الشرجية هى نفسها كما في الأعمار المبكرة. تبلغ أعرض الحلقات 2.5 مرة فى العرض عن الطول. قرون الأستشعار بنية متماثلة.
يمكن وصف نمط مشى الصراصير على النحو التالي:
تتكون الحركة الدائرية لرجل المشى من جزأين، القوة الدافعة (مرحلة الدفع أو الدعم) والقوة المضادة (أيضًا مرحلة التأرجح أو مرحلة الانتعاش). أثناء القوة الدافعة، تكون الساق على الأرض حيث يمكن دعم ودفع الجسم. في حيوان يمشي إلى الأمام، يتوافق هذا مع حركة التراجع في الساق. أثناء القوة المضادة، تكون الساق مرفوعة بعيدة عن الارض وتتحول الى نقطة الانطلاق للقوة الدافعة القادمة .
(Cruse 1990; Cochran 1980; Smith & Whitman 1992; Bio-Serv 1998)
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There are approximately 4,600 species of cockroaches and they can be found all over the world, in every continent except Antarctica. Before you panic, though, only about 30 of these species can become pests. Most of them live in forests, whether under the ground, crawling across the forest floor or in trees, while others live in caves, fields, swamps and grasslands. One species of cockroach can even live in the desert, absorbing water vapor using its mouth structures in the absence of water.
According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the longest cockroach is the Megaloblatta longipennis found in Central and South America, which can grow up to 3.8 inches long and have an 8-inch wingspan. The Central American giant cave cockroach can reach the same lengths but has a shorter wingspan, around 5 to 6 inches. The heaviest cockroach is the giant burrowing cockroach from Australia which can weigh over an ounce – as heavy as a CD. It is also the longest-lived cockroach, able to live for up to ten years.
And we mean any organic matter. Apart from eating any human food, cockroaches can eat dead insects, paper, cloth, soap, wood, glue, hair and poop. Yup, just about anything. This means cockroaches won’t ever run out of food, though they do prefer to eat sweets, starchy foods and meat. And guess what? Cockroaches can live for weeks without food! This has something to do with the fact that they are cold-blooded, like crocodiles and snakes, which means they can keep their metabolism rate low. Cockroaches cannot live long without water, though – just two weeks at most – and in fact, most dead cockroaches you see probably died of thirst (unless pesticide got them first).
- http://ipfactly.com/15-creepy-amazing-cockroach-facts/
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